sea ice
New studies indicate that stronger winds and warming deep ocean water have triggered a sharp decline in Antarctic sea ice since 2016. Previously expanding, the ice reached a record high in 2014 before plummeting to record lows. Researchers link this shift to wind-driven upwelling of circumpolar deep water.
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Global temperatures in 2025 have reached 1.48°C above the preindustrial average, tying with 2023 for the second warmest year after 2024's 1.6°C mark. Despite the cooling influence of La Niña, record fossil fuel emissions have driven this trend. Extreme weather events this year have caused widespread devastation and loss of life.