Collusion
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South Korea fines four major banks 272 billion won for LTV collusion
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South Korea's Fair Trade Commission has imposed a combined fine of 272 billion won on four major banks—KB Kookmin, Shinhan, Woori, and Hana—for colluding on real estate loan-to-value (LTV) ratios. The banks exchanged information from March 2022 to March 2024 to avoid competition. This practice limited options for consumers and small businesses seeking mortgages.