Physiology
In workplace settings with identical temperatures, women often feel colder than men due to differences in body composition and hormones. This phenomenon, termed female thermal demand, arises from metabolic, physical, and hormonal factors. While both genders maintain the same body temperature, cold affects women more intensely.
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Researchers have identified a hard biological limit on sustained human energy expenditure, capping elite ultra-endurance athletes at about 2.5 times their basal metabolic rate. The study, published in Current Biology, tracked runners, cyclists, and triathletes over extended periods. This ceiling explains why even extreme efforts cannot be maintained indefinitely without physiological costs.