一项总部位于华盛顿的研究发现，马尼拉大都会86%的学校位于已记录的污染场所五公里范围内。菲律宾全国平均水平远低于此，仅为8.9%。研究人员指出，这一模式反映了大型学校在城市的高度集中。
全球发展中心（Center for Global Development）于6月发布了这项研究。研究将17个国家的260万所学校的数据与11,301个有毒场所进行了比对。在菲律宾，16,022所学校中有1,432所学校及250万名学生处于五公里的半径范围内。
报告将靠近此类场所描述为一种压倒性的城市现象。马尼拉大都会的比率位居前列，仅次于德里（91.2%），高于内罗毕、大阿克拉、波哥大和雅加达。
研究还显示了贫富差距。最富裕地区五分之一的学生学校靠近此类场所的比率为53.7%，而最贫困地区的比率仅为1.8%。主要作者李·克劳福德（Lee Crawfurd）表示，该研究衡量的是距离而非实际暴露情况或健康影响，并敦促进行进一步的环境检查。
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