Saan napupunta ang pera kapag bumibili ng stock?

Kapag bumibili ng stock sa Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE), karaniwang binabayaran mo ang ibang investor sa secondary trade, hindi direktang ang kumpanya. Nakakatanggap lamang ang kumpanya ng pera mula sa publiko sa panahon ng IPO o follow-on offerings. Apektuhan ng mga trade ang presyo ng stock ngunit hindi direktang ang bank account ng kumpanya.

Ipinaliwanag ni Lance Spencer Yu sa kanyang artikulo na sa karamihan ng mga trade sa stock market, ito ay secondary transactions. Halimbawa, kung bibili ka ng shares ng Ayala Corporation (AC), hindi makakatanggap ang Ayala ng pera mo; ang nagbebenta ang makakakuha nito. Maaaring retail investor, fund, foreign investor, o empleyado ang nagbebenta dahil sa iba't ibang dahilan tulad ng pagkuha ng profit o pangangailangan ng cash para sa tuition o bahay. Ang PSE ang nagmama-match ng buyers at sellers, at ang mga shares ay fungible, ibig sabihin katumbas ang bawat isa. Dahil dito, maaaring mag-trade ng milyun-milyong piso na Ayala shares nang hindi nakakakuha ng bagong kapital ang kumpanya, bagaman naaapektuhan ang presyo nito. Nakakatanggap lamang ang kumpanya ng direktang pondo kapag nagbebenta ito ng bagong shares sa publiko, tulad ng sa initial public offering (IPO). Mga dahilan para sa IPO: pagpapalaki ng kapital para sa expansion, pagbabayad ng utang, bagong proyekto, o pagpapahintulot sa early investors na mag-cash out. Halimbawa, ang Monde Nissin IPO noong 2021 ay naghalal ng P48.6 bilyon, habang ang Maynilad IPO noong 2025 ay hanggang P34 bilyon. Maraming IPO ay halo ng primary (bagong shares) at secondary shares, tulad ng Converge na maaaring umabot sa P40 bilyon. Bukod sa IPO, may follow-on offerings tulad ng San Miguel Corporation (SMC) noong Oktubre 2025 na naghalal ng P30 bilyon para sa refinancing at infrastructure. Bagaman secondary ang araw-araw na trades, ito ay tumutulong nang hindi direktang sa kumpanya sa pamamagitan ng mas mabuting stock price at liquidity para sa hinaharap na pagbebenta ng shares.

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