Refrigerators contribute about 4% of a home's carbon emissions, equivalent to 89 kg of CO2 per year. Recent updates highlight ways to lower this impact through maintenance, efficient settings and choosing low-GWP models. Global efforts, including the Kigali Amendment, aim to phase out high-impact refrigerants by 2036.
Refrigerators run continuously, making them a key target for reducing household emissions. They account for roughly 4% of home CO2 output, or 89 kg annually, though air conditioners produce more overall. Emissions arise indirectly from electricity use and directly from refrigerants. Older models, over 15 years old, consume 33% more energy than current Energy Star-rated ones, potentially costing over $80 extra per year to operate.
Since the Montreal Protocol banned CFCs, refrigerators shifted to R-134a, which has lower ozone damage but high global warming potential. As of January 1, 2021, new units use R-600a (isobutane) instead, with a GWP 200 times lower. Domestic cooling systems contribute nearly 10% of global CO2 emissions—three times that of aviation and shipping combined. The Kigali Amendment mandates an 85% HFC reduction by 2036 in developed countries, with stricter rules starting in 2025. In the European Union, commercial refrigeration bans HFCs with GWP over 150 from January 1, 2025.
Food waste linked to improper storage adds to emissions; globally, it generates 8-10% of greenhouse gases, with households responsible for 60% of 1.05 billion metric tons in 2022. Oversized fridges can lead to spoilage, while open containers raise humidity, straining the compressor.
To minimize impact, maintain seals, clean coils every few months, and clear drain hoses. Set refrigerators to 35-38°F (ideally 37°F) and freezers to 0°F, per Consumer Reports and FDA guidelines. Keep units three-quarters full, away from heat sources and sunlight, and avoid extras like ice makers.
When replacing, size to six cubic feet per person. Energy Star models are 9% more efficient than federal standards. Upcoming DOE rules in 2029-2030 will cut 100.8 million metric tons of CO2. Top-freezer designs are most efficient per cubic foot, and opt for R-600a or R-441A refrigerants.