杜特尔特向ICC自首后面临危害人类罪

菲律宾前总统罗德里戈·杜特尔特于3月11日在尼诺伊·阿基诺国际机场被捕,并向海牙国际刑事法院自首,成为首位面临此类程序的亚洲前国家元首。这位80岁领导人因与禁毒战争相关的谋杀罪被指控,已以健康为由寻求保释并质疑法院管辖权,但两项请求迄今均被拒绝。

罗德里戈·杜特尔特并非首位在离开马拉坎南宫后被指控并拘留的菲律宾前总统,但他于去年成为首位被捕并移交国际刑事法院的亚洲前国家元首。他于3月11日从香港的政治集会返回时,在尼诺伊·阿基诺国际机场被捕,当时有支持者陪同。现任总统马科斯曾是杜特尔特家族的前盟友,他以菲律宾对国际刑警组织的承诺为由说明逮捕行动,该组织是国际刑事法院发出逮捕令的渠道。

逮捕后,杜特尔特在维拉莫空军基地被拘留数小时,其律师未能从最高法院获得限制令,随后在午夜前被私人飞机送往荷兰海牙。3月12日,国际刑事法院确认预审一室已对杜特尔特发出危害人类罪谋杀的逮捕令。

两天后,前总统通过国际刑事法院拘留中心视频会议首次出庭。此后数月,其律师提出多项挑战和上诉,寻求释放这位80岁老人,他曾扬言若被捕将亲自袭击国际刑事法院法官。除了禁毒战争中“广泛”和“系统性”杀戮外,他还因达沃死亡小组活动被指控,当时他是达沃市市长或副市长。

在菲律宾,禁毒战争受害者家属公开落泪,欢迎杜特尔特的逮捕。这被描述为国际正义的“分水岭时刻”和菲律宾问责制的“关键一步”。但对他的支持者而言,杜特尔特被捕并移交国际刑事法院纯属政治行为。他们称这是马科斯的背叛,马科斯与副总统萨拉·杜特尔特的UniTeam联盟曾在2022年大选中获胜。

马科斯的支持率大幅下降,而杜特尔特及其盟友巩固了支持,在参议院竞选中取得佳绩。杜特尔特本人尽管缺席竞选活动,仍以压倒性优势赢得市长选举。其家人、律师和支持者将逮捕描述为“绑架”,这一说法出现在法律文件和协调的在线攻击中,针对马科斯政府、受害者及其律师,甚至国际刑事法院及审理法官。

在国际刑事法院,杜特尔特的律师寻求三种法律救济以获释。5月,他们提出管辖权挑战,重申法庭因菲律宾退出而无权管辖菲律宾罪行。次月,他们申请临时释放,称其无逃亡风险,并有一未具名国家同意收容。

8月,他们因其健康恶化导致“不适于审判”而寻求无限期延期,导致原定9月23日的指控确认听证延期。管辖权挑战和临时释放请求被预审一室驳回,上诉分庭维持继续拘留,管辖权上诉仍在审理中。

关于其健康状况,预审法官尚未裁决,但最近文件显示,一医疗专家小组认定其有能力参与预审程序。预审一室和上诉分庭预计很快将就延期请求和管辖权上诉裁决。若被驳回,预审程序将继续,包括延期的指控确认听证。只有指控确认后,案件才能进入审判。

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