University of Michigan study challenges neutral theory of evolution

A new study from the University of Michigan suggests that beneficial mutations are more common than previously thought but often fail to spread because environments change too quickly. The research proposes a revised view of molecular evolution.

Researchers led by Jianzhi Zhang examined mutations in yeast and E. coli using deep mutational scanning. They found that more than 1 percent of amino acid changing mutations were beneficial, implying that over 99 percent of substitutions should be adaptive under stable conditions. Yet this rate far exceeds what is observed in nature.

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Researchers at City St George’s, University of London say cancer outcomes might improve if doctors switch to a new therapy while a tumor is still shrinking, rather than waiting for clear signs the disease is growing again. In mathematical models grounded in evolutionary theory, the team found that carefully timed switches—potentially involving three or more treatments—could reduce the odds that resistant cancer cells drive relapse. Three small clinical trials in soft-tissue cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer are already testing variations of the idea.

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A new analysis of fossil skulls suggests that human brains grew larger over the past 2 million years without strong pressure from natural selection.

Researchers at the Earth-Life Science Institute in Tokyo have shown through experiments that repeated freezing and thawing could have driven the growth and fusion of primitive cell-like structures on early Earth. Vesicles made with certain lipids fused into larger compartments and retained DNA more effectively during these cycles. The findings suggest icy environments played a role in life's origins.

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Researchers have discovered that distantly related butterflies and moths have used the same two genes, ivory and optix, for more than 120 million years to create similar warning colors on their wings. This finding suggests evolution can follow predictable genetic pathways rather than being entirely random. The study focused on species from South American rainforests.

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