A new study from Yale University shows that DNA inherited from extinct Denisovans continues to affect immune function and skeletal development in people from Near Oceania. Researchers sequenced genomes from 177 individuals across 12 populations and identified over 3,100 active genetic variants. The findings were published June 11 in the journal Science.
The research team combined the new sequences with 1,284 previously published genomes from around the world. They found that ancestors of Near Oceanic populations interbred with at least three distinct Denisovan groups more than 45,000 years ago.
Lead author Serena Tucci said the study moves beyond simply identifying ancient DNA to showing how it actively turns genes on and off. Many of the variants affect the interferon-gamma signaling pathway, which helps defend against viruses and bacteria.
First author Patrick Reilly noted that Denisovan genes appear to have bolstered immunity to pathogens encountered during human migration into the region. The team also linked some variants to the TRPS1 gene, which plays a role in skeletal development.
Tucci added that the work highlights how ancient interbreeding events remain deeply intertwined with modern human biology. The study received funding from the National Institutes of Health.