In 2024, the United States recycled only about 15% of its cell phones, with around 150 million devices discarded annually. California saw an even steeper decline to 13.2% recycling, collecting just 770,000 phones despite 5.83 million sold. These figures underscore the environmental impact of e-waste, as phones contain valuable and toxic materials.
Mobile phones contribute significantly to global e-waste, with an estimated 5.3 billion devices expected to become obsolete worldwide, though only 20% reach recycling streams. In the U.S., the low recycling rate means precious metals like gold, silver, copper, and palladium, along with rare-earth elements, are lost in landfills. According to the EPA, recycling one million cell phones recovers 35,000 pounds of copper, 772 pounds of silver, 75 pounds of gold, and 33 pounds of palladium. This process also saves energy equivalent to powering 25,000 homes for a year and prevents toxins such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic from contaminating soil and groundwater.
Before discarding a faulty phone, users should assess repair options. The iFixit repairability score can indicate if a model is easy to fix, though manufacturers often complicate repairs by gluing screens and using fragile components. For water damage, experts advise turning off the device immediately, drying it with a towel, removing the SIM card, and placing it in uncooked rice for at least 24 hours. Online resources like iFixit's guides offer model-specific advice.
If repair isn't feasible, numerous programs facilitate responsible disposal. Apple, Samsung, and Google offer free recycling and trade-in credits for their devices. Carriers like Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and U.S. Cellular accept phones for credits or eco-friendly recycling, with U.S. Cellular providing up to $600 in value. Retailers such as Best Buy, Staples, and Target handle free recycling or gift cards. Automated kiosks from ecoATM provide instant cash, while Call2Recycle and local e-waste centers certified under R2 or e-Stewards ensure safe handling. For working phones, donations to Cell Phones for Soldiers, Medic’s program, or Goodwill support military, health initiatives, and community needs.
Back up data and factory reset before recycling to protect privacy. These options conserve resources, reduce emissions, and promote a circular economy in electronics.