Researchers have developed a noninvasive method using EEG brain scans to detect movement intentions in people with spinal cord injuries. By capturing signals from the brain and potentially routing them to spinal stimulators, the approach aims to bypass damaged nerves. While promising, the technology still struggles with precise control, especially for lower limbs.
People with spinal cord injuries often retain healthy nerves in their limbs and a functioning brain, but damage to the spinal cord interrupts the signals that enable movement. A new study explores using electroencephalography (EEG) to detect these brain signals and restore communication without invasive surgery.
Published in APL Bioengineering by AIP Publishing, the research involves scientists from universities in Italy and Switzerland. The team tested EEG caps, which record brain activity from the scalp, on patients attempting simple movements. Unlike implanted electrodes, EEG avoids surgical risks. "It can cause infections; it's another surgical procedure," said author Laura Toni. "We were wondering whether that could be avoided."
The study focused on decoding signals for lower-limb movements, which originate deeper in the brain and are harder to capture. "The brain controls lower limb movements mainly in the central area, while upper limb movements are more on the outside," Toni explained. "It's easier to have a spatial mapping of what you're trying to decode compared to the lower limbs."
A machine learning algorithm analyzed the EEG data, successfully distinguishing attempts to move from stillness but struggling to differentiate specific actions. The researchers plan to refine the system to recognize intentions like standing or walking and integrate it with spinal cord stimulators. If improved, this could enable paralyzed individuals to regain meaningful mobility through brain-driven nerve activation.
The work builds on prior invasive methods, offering a safer alternative. Lead authors include Laura Toni, Valeria De Seta, Luigi Albano, and others, with the full study titled "Decoding lower-limb movement attempts from electro-encephalographic signals in spinal cord injury patients," published in 2026.
