H3 No. 8 失败:日本 Michibiki GPS 时间表面临延误,调查正在进行

JAXA的第八枚H3火箭于2025年12月23日因二级发动机问题失败,无法部署内阁府的Michibiki No. 5卫星,如最初报道。社长山川浩志道歉,并誓言迅速查明原因。此事件危及日本用于高精度定位的准天顶卫星系统。

JAXA正在调查Michibiki No. 5是否分离,同时二级发动机微重力控制面临复杂挑战,据东京理科大学小笠原浩教授称。这是H3的第二次失败,此前2023年首飞也出现类似点火问题,花了七个月解决。

H3是已退役H2A的继任者,目标是将每次发射成本从100亿日元减半(总开发成本约2400亿日元)。Michibiki是日本的GPS对应系统,依赖准天顶和地球静止卫星实现更高精度。目前五颗卫星在运行(包括早于No. 5发射的No. 6),但需要七颗才能完全独立于外国系统。5-7号卫星耗资1000亿日元,引入卫星间测距功能以提升精度;No. 7原计划于2月发射,全系统将于下一财年全面运行。对自卫队和安全至关重要,内阁府正在重新评估时间表。

日本缺乏可靠的核心火箭,Epsilon S也延期。全球发射在2024年激增至253次成功(美国153次,主要为SpaceX;中国66次),2015年仅85次;日本仅5次。内阁府官员表示,在查明原因前存在不确定性。未来十年计划超过30次H3任务,用于卫星和探测器。

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