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Scientists reveal estrogen’s role in dopamine-driven learning
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Researchers at New York University have identified how estrogen shapes learning by strengthening dopamine-based reward signals in the brain. In experiments with rats, learning performance improved when estrogen levels were high and declined when the hormone’s activity was suppressed. The findings, published in Nature Neuroscience, may help explain cognitive fluctuations across hormonal cycles and offer clues to psychiatric disorders linked to dopamine.
Researchers have demonstrated that the single-celled protist Stentor coeruleus can engage in associative learning, similar to Pavlov's experiments with dogs. This finding suggests such cognitive abilities may predate the evolution of brains by hundreds of millions of years. The study highlights unexpected complexity in simple organisms.
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教育部Matatag课程的全面评估结果喜忧参半：在70所试点学校，二年级学生取得显著学习进步，但教师承受了支持不足的重压。该研究由菲律宾发展研究所于12月发布，突出了该国重大教育改革中的实施挑战。