Researchers at Arizona State University have found that young adults with obesity show early signs of brain stress linked to low choline levels. These include elevated inflammation, liver strain, and neurofilament light chain, a marker of neuron injury. The findings suggest metabolic disruptions may affect the brain long before symptoms appear.
A study led by scientists at Arizona State University, in collaboration with Banner Sun Health Research Institute and Mayo Clinic, examined 30 adults in their 20s and 30s, evenly divided between those with obesity and those of healthy weight. Participants provided fasting blood samples analyzed for circulating choline, inflammatory cytokines, insulin, glucose, liver enzymes, and neurofilament light chain (NfL). The obese group exhibited lower choline levels, higher inflammation, metabolic stress, and elevated NfL, patterns resembling those in older adults with cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease.
Choline, essential for cell-membrane structure, inflammation control, liver function, and neurotransmitter production like acetylcholine for memory, was notably reduced in the obese participants. This nutrient deficiency correlated with stronger signs of insulin resistance and liver-enzyme elevation. Women in the study had lower choline levels than men, aligning with higher rates of cognitive aging and Alzheimer's in women. Dietary sources of choline include eggs, poultry, fish, beans, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and brussels sprouts. National surveys indicate many Americans, particularly teenagers and young adults, fail to meet recommended intake.
"This research adds to the growing evidence that choline is a valuable marker of metabolic and brain dysfunction -- and reinforces the importance of sufficient daily intake, as it is essential for human health," said Ramon Velazquez, who leads the study at the ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center.
The findings, published in Aging and Disease, highlight how obesity may initiate neuronal stress early in life. Although causation is not established, the biomarkers suggest links to later cognitive decline. "Most people don't realize they aren't getting enough choline," noted Wendy Winslow, first co-author. "Adding choline-rich foods to your routine can help reduce inflammation and support both your body and brain as you age."
Researchers also raised concerns about weight-loss drugs like GLP-1 medications, which suppress appetite and may reduce choline intake, calling for studies on nutrient supplementation. "Our results suggest that, in young adults, good metabolic health and adequate choline contribute to neuronal health, laying the groundwork for healthy aging," added co-author Jessica Judd.
The study aligns with prior rodent research showing choline shortages lead to obesity and increased Alzheimer's risk, emphasizing early interventions for brain protection.