Single-use alkaline batteries, common in households for devices like remote controls and flashlights, can be disposed of in trash in most states but recycling options exist despite economic challenges. While modern batteries lack mercury and are non-hazardous, states like California ban their landfill disposal. Upcoming extended producer responsibility laws aim to make recycling free and accessible.
Americans purchase nearly 3 billion dry-cell batteries annually for everyday items such as toys, clocks, and smoke detectors, with the average person discarding about eight household batteries each year, according to the EPA. These are primarily AA, AAA, C, and D alkaline types, which contain steel casing, manganese dioxide, zinc, and potassium hydroxide but no mercury since 1996, classifying them as non-hazardous waste federally.
Disposal rules vary: in most states, alkaline batteries can go in regular trash, though experts recommend against it due to limited recycling infrastructure. California prohibits any battery in household trash, joined by Vermont and others adopting restrictions. Never mix batteries in curbside recycling, as they risk damaging equipment or igniting fires if lithium types are included.
Recycling faces hurdles because materials like zinc (3.7 grams in an AA battery) and manganese dioxide (8.5 grams) hold low value, making collection costlier than recovery. In contrast, lead-acid car batteries recycle at 99% due to valuable lead, and lithium-ion ones benefit from cobalt and nickel.
Options include retail drop-offs at Batteries Plus for a fee or some hardware stores; mail-in kits from The Battery Network, Cirba Solutions, and Terracycle; and municipal household hazardous waste programs, even though alkalines are non-hazardous. Free recycling is expanding via extended producer responsibility laws: Vermont operates a program through The Battery Network; California mandates manufacturer compliance by April 2027; Washington bans disposal in January 2027; Illinois follows in 2028; Connecticut and Colorado in 2027; and Nebraska in 2028.
For safe handling, remove spent batteries promptly to avoid leaks, store in non-metal containers in cool, dry places, tape 9-volt terminals, and separate from rechargeables. Switching to nickel-metal hydride batteries reduces waste, as they recharge hundreds of times and recycle freely at stores.