Researchers have discovered ancient human DNA on cave walls and rock art in Spain and Portugal, marking the first such finding on prehistoric paintings. The breakthrough could eventually help identify individual artists from thousands of years ago.
A team from the First Art Project collected samples between 2022 and 2025 from 11 caves. They detected ancient human DNA in red ochre markings at Escoural Cave in Portugal, as well as on unmarked wall surfaces.
The genetic material matched western hunter-gatherers who lived between 5200 and 17,000 years ago. The Escoural Cave was sealed between 4000 and 5000 years ago, indicating the DNA predates that period.
Scientists noted the DNA likely came from direct contact rather than sediment. Three samples were mostly female and one mostly male. The find opens possibilities for studying whether Neanderthals created cave art.
Further sampling occurred earlier this month at caves including Nerja and Ardales in Spain. Researchers say the low success rate may improve with refined techniques.