Chemists at the University of Bristol analyzed the air around tiny fragments of Egyptian mummies to identify volatile organic compounds linked to embalming materials. The study, covering remains from 3200 BC to 395 AD, found 81 distinct compounds from oils, resins, beeswax, and bitumen. These clues show mummification practices grew more complex over time.
Researchers led by Dr. Wanyue Zhao, a Research Associate in Organic Geochemistry at the University of Bristol, examined gases around mummy fragments the size of a peppercorn. Using solid phase microextraction, gas chromatography, and high resolution mass spectrometry, they analyzed 35 samples of balms and bandages from 19 mummies spanning more than 2,000 years, from 3200 BC to 395 AD. This non-destructive method identified 81 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), grouped into categories tied to specific ingredients: fats and oils producing aromatic compounds and short chain fatty acids; beeswax yielding mono-carboxylic fatty acids and cinnamic compounds; plant resins releasing aromatic compounds and sesquiterpenoids; and bitumen generating naphthenic compounds. Dr. Zhao noted: 'Our findings showed the chemical patterns varied across historical periods. Earlier mummies had simpler profiles dominated by fats and oils, while later mummies displayed more complex mixtures incorporating imported resins and bitumen.' Chemical signatures also differed by body part, with head samples showing distinct patterns from torso ones, hinting at varied embalming recipes. Dr. Zhao added: 'This is an area which needs further analysis and research to better understand what techniques were used and why.' Co-author Professor Richard Evershed, of Chemistry at the University of Bristol, highlighted the method's sensitivity: 'Our volatile analysis proved sensitive enough to detect residues at extremely low concentrations. For example, bitumen biomarkers were previously difficult to detect with earlier soluble residue methods.' Professor Ian Bull, of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Bristol, emphasized its value for museums: 'Volatile analysis provides an effective and enlightening first step for studying embalmed remains across collections and time periods.' The findings appear in the Journal of Archaeological Science.
