什么是 PERA,菲律宾 401(k) 式退休账户?

个人权益和退休账户(PERA)是一个提供税收激励的框架,旨在鼓励菲律宾人为退休储蓄。以美国 401(k) 为模板,源于 2008 年的 PERA 法案。尽管已存在近 20 年,PERA 产品和数字渠道仍在持续扩展。

PERA,即个人权益和退休账户,并非新型投资基金,而是一个为退休储蓄设定规则和激励措施的法律框架。它是自愿参与的,不像 SSS 供款那样强制。可以持有各种合格投资,例如 UITF 单位、共同基金份额和政府证券,尽管实践中通常侧重于货币市场、债券和股票基金。

其核心优势围绕三种税收优惠:供款 5% 税收抵免(本地工作者和自雇人士年度限额 P200,000,上限 P10,000;海外菲律宾人限额 P400,000,上限 P20,000)、投资收入免税,以及 55 岁以后至少 5 年供款的免税提款。

例如,供款 P100,000 可获得 P5,000 税收抵免,可在 5 年内用于抵扣所得税。PERA 投资收入免税,有利于长期更好的复利增长。此外,PERA 资产免于破产程序和遗产税,为长期规划提供保障。

首批 PERA 产品于 2016 年左右推出,例如 2016 年 12 月 19 日的 BPI PERA 货币市场基金。2020 年 9 月,推出全国首个数字 PERA 平台,以扩大接入。如今,非银行提供商如 DragonFi 也提供 PERA 账户。

要获得免税分配,必须满足“55 岁且 5 年”规则:达到 55 岁并有 5 年供款。提前提款将面临罚款,除非因疾病、残疾或转入另一 PERA 产品。此结构增加了“健康摩擦”,以鼓励自律的长期储蓄。

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