世界需要恢复自由公平的贸易体系

美国和中国等大国将贸易政策“武器化”的现象正在全球蔓延,威胁公平贸易。经济学家伊藤元重引用特朗普总统时期的美国关税威胁和中国稀土出口限制等事例,主张恢复世界贸易组织的作用,以对抗“以邻为壑”策略。

一种被称为贸易政策“武器化”的现象正在世界范围内蔓延。美国总统唐纳德·特朗普政府利用提高进口关税的威胁,从外国手中榨取让步,利用它们害怕失去庞大美国市场的恐惧。日本为了保护其关键的汽车出口市场,进行艰苦谈判,最终同意增加在美国投资,使美国能够将贸易作为武器获利。

中国采用类似策略,限制稀土出口——被称为“工业维生素”——以在谈判中获得筹码。中国在生产中占有全球主导份额,在2010年尖阁诸岛争端中威胁对日本实施这些限制。发货停止将立即扰乱美国制造业。全球化加深了各国对跨境贸易的依赖,加剧了这种出口和进口壁垒的脆弱性。

世界贸易组织(WTO)的成立是为了遏制单边限制,在有效时促进全球贸易增长。然而,全球化的讽刺在于,它使大国能够将政策武器化。“最优关税”理论解释了大型经济体如何通过进口限制操纵贸易价格。例如,美国最初计划对日本汽车征收27.5%的关税,后来通过谈判降至15%。日本制造商降低出口价格以保持美国标价稳定,吸收部分成本并增加美国关税收入。特朗普甚至提议从这些资金中向每个美国人发放2000美元。

低关税最适合小国,但大国容易被“以邻为壑”的方法诱惑——以他人为代价获利,如特朗普的关税和中国扭曲竞争的补贴所示。WTO历史上防止了这种情况,美国曾领导其努力,但特朗普时代破坏了它。虽然武器化带来短期收益,但它扼杀了长期繁荣。重建自由公平的贸易体系,包括重振WTO,是必不可少的。

伊藤元重是东京大学名誉教授,并于2022年3月前担任学习院大学国际社会科学学部教授。

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