东盟与中国推进南海行为准则谈判

东盟与中国关于南海行为准则的谈判旨在制定防止事件发生并缓解重叠领土主张紧张局势的规则。该谈判起源于20世纪90年代中期的过去冲突,如1988年赤瓜礁海战和中国1995年占领美济礁,进展缓慢,但目标于2026年7月完成。最近进展包括2025年进入第三轮谈判。

东盟与中国关于南海《行为准则》(COC)的谈判已持续二十多年,凸显了复杂的领土和海洋争端。1988年,中国和越南在南沙群岛的赤瓜礁发生冲突,造成60多名越南水兵死亡。1995年,中国占领了菲律宾声索的美济礁,1996年中国海军舰艇与菲律宾海军炮艇交战一个半小时。 为建立促进克制并避免武装冲突的区域框架,东盟和中国于2002年11月签署了《南海各方行为宣言》(DOC)。虽然不具有法律约束力,但它是制定更详细COC的首次正式承诺。 2002年后进展缓慢,受区域紧张局势、国家利益分歧以及对COC约束性质争端的影响。2018年,它们同意单一谈判文本草案。第一轮审议于2019年结束,第二轮于2023年进行。2023年7月,采纳指导方针加速谈判,目标在三年内,即2026年7月前完成。 到2025年,讨论进入第三轮审议,处理‘里程碑问题’,如COC的法律约束地位、地理范围、与DOC的关系以及术语定义。然而,COC仍未完成,西菲律宾海紧张局势升级,包括菲律宾和中国船只频繁遭遇,危及当地渔民。对于菲律宾而言,成功的协议可带来更清晰规则、减少风险事件,并加强遵守国际法,包括《联合国海洋法公约》(UNCLOS)。若无有意义的协议,外交谈判与海上摩擦的分歧可能扩大,威胁生命和生计。

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ASEAN leaders meeting in Cebu to negotiate a Code of Conduct for the South China Sea
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Asean resumes push for code of conduct in South China Sea

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At the close of the 48th Asean Leaders’ Meeting in Cebu, the regional bloc renewed its push for an immediate conclusion to negotiations on a legally binding Code of Conduct in the South China Sea to manage disputes.

Following bilateral meetings in Quanzhou on March 27-28, the Philippines and China advanced practical measures in the South China Sea, including initial exchanges on oil and gas exploration, amid efforts to manage disputes and boost confidence-building. The talks, previewed amid global energy concerns, pave the way for higher-level discussions later this year.

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Filipino and Chinese diplomats are meeting in Quanzhou from March 27 to 28 for the Philippines-China Foreign Ministry Consultations and the Bilateral Consultation Mechanism on the South China Sea. The Department of Foreign Affairs said the talks are for frank exchanges on bilateral issues and exploring cooperation in non-sensitive areas.

Former Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonio Carpio said international naval drills in the West Philippine Sea recognize the Philippines' claims under the 2016 arbitral ruling. He shared this in an ANC interview on April 1, even as China rejects the decision. Carpio pointed out that this falls short of full enforcement due to the Philippines' lack of political will.

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The Chinese and US militaries held working group talks on maritime military safety in Hawaii on Thursday and Friday. Officials discussed ways to avoid misunderstandings and miscalculations. The talks aim to keep military communication channels open.

The Philippine Coast Guard dismissed China’s claim that its monitoring activities are publicity stunts. Officials reported sending an aircraft to confront a Chinese research vessel conducting unauthorized surveys near Pag-asa Island on May 16.

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China has strongly protested the Philippines' decision to assign local names to more than 100 maritime features in the Kalayaan Island Group, calling it illegal. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said Beijing firmly opposes the move and will take necessary steps to defend its claims. The reaction follows an executive order signed by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.

 

 

 

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