Archaeologists excavate a medieval Danish cemetery, revealing high-status graves of skeletons with leprosy and tuberculosis signs.
Archaeologists excavate a medieval Danish cemetery, revealing high-status graves of skeletons with leprosy and tuberculosis signs.
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中世デンマークの墓地研究、病気が埋葬地位を一貫して規定していなかった

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5つのデンマーク中世墓地から出土した939体の成人骨格を調査した研究者らは、ハンセン病や結核の患者が一貫して低地位の墓に追いやられていたという証拠は見つからなかった。代わりに、これらの疾患の兆候を示す人々はしばしば目立つ場所に埋葬されており、病に対する反応は共同体ごとに異なり、一律の排除パターンに従っていなかったことを示唆している。

中世デンマークでは、埋葬場所はしばしばその人の富と地位を反映していた。キリスト教徒はより名誉ある墓のために支払うことができ、教会に近い区画は通常より高価だった。nnA study highlighted by Frontiers and summarized by ScienceDaily examined whether disease affected where people were buried, focusing on leprosy—long associated with stigma and ideas of sin—and tuberculosis。nnThe research was led by Dr. Saige Kelmelis of the University of South Dakota in collaboration with Vicki Kristensen and Dr. Dorthe Pedersen of the University of Southern Denmark. The team examined 939 adult skeletons from five medieval Danish cemeteries—three urban and two rural—to compare possible differences between town and countryside populations。nn「この研究を始めた時、すぐに映画 Monty Python and the Holy Grail の場面、特にペストの荷車が出てくるシーンを思い出した」とKelmelis氏は語った。「このイメージは、過去の人々――そして今日でも一部の場合――が衰弱性の疾患にどのように対応するかの私たちの考えを表していると思う。しかし、私たちの研究は、中世の共同体が反応と構成において多様であったことを明らかにした。いくつかの共同体では、病気の人は近隣住民と同じように埋葬され、同じ扱いを受けた。」nnTo identify disease in the remains, researchers looked for skeletal changes linked to infection. Leprosy can leave clear traces on bones, including facial damage and deterioration of the hands and feet caused by secondary infections. Tuberculosis tends to affect joints and bones near the lungs。nnThe team mapped each cemetery and used boundaries and features—including burials inside religious buildings—to compare higher-status and lower-status burial areas. Overall, the researchers did not find a consistent link between illness and burial status。nnOnly one location, the urban cemetery of Ribe, showed a notable pattern: about one third of individuals buried in lower-status areas had tuberculosis, compared with 12% of those buried in the monastery or church. Because people with leprosy or tuberculosis still appeared in prestigious burial areas, the researchers said the Ribe difference most likely reflects varying levels of exposure to tuberculosis rather than social stigma。nnTuberculosis appeared frequently across the five cemeteries. The urban burial site at Drotten stood out: nearly half of the graves were in higher-status areas, and 51% of the skeletons showed evidence of tuberculosis. Researchers suggested that wealthier individuals may have survived tuberculosis longer, increasing the likelihood that the infection left visible skeletal changes。nn「結核はそのような慢性感染症の一つで、人々は症状なく非常に長く生きられる」とKelmelis氏は語った。nnThe researchers said further excavations and genomic methods could clarify how widespread these infections were, noting that skeletal evidence can miss cases. 「個人が細菌を保有していたが、骨格に現れる前に死亡した可能性がある」とKelmelis氏は警告した。

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