Ilmuwan berdebat soal penyebab percepatan pemanasan global

Berdasarkan studi terbaru seperti analisis Stefan Rahmstorf dkk. yang menunjukkan penggandaan laju pemanasan Bumi menjadi ~0.36°C per dekade sejak 2014, para ilmuwan tidak sepakat apakah pengurangan polusi aerosol atau fluktuasi alamiah yang mendorong percepatan tersebut. Hampir semua setuju bahwa pemanasan telah dipercepat, tetapi pandangan berbeda tentang penyebab, laju, dan lintasan masa depan—dengan implikasi bagi sensitivitas iklim dan adaptasi.

Pemanasan permukaan Bumi stabil pada sekitar 0.18°C per dekade hingga 2010-an, kemudian mempercepat. Panas rekor pada 2023 (terpanas sebesar 0.17°C), 2024 (tahun pertama melebihi 1.5°C di atas tingkat pra-industri), dan 2025—dengan gelombang panas di Eropa serta siklon di Asia Tenggara dan Jamaika—memicu cuaca ekstrem: banjir maut di Libya, siklon di Mozambik/Meksiko, serta kebakaran hutan di Kanada, Chili, Yunani, dan Hawaii. Samantha Burgess dari Copernicus Climate Change Service Uni Eropa menghubungkan sebagian besar pemanasan baru-baru ini dengan udara yang lebih bersih: “Atmosfer lebih bersih, sehingga lebih banyak radiasi matahari masuk,” setelah penurunan global 40% sulfur dioksida sejak pertengahan 2000-an. Faktor kunci mencakup pemangkasan aerosol China sebesar 75% sejak 'perang melawan polusi' 2008-nya dan aturan emisi pengiriman International Maritime Organization. James Hansen dari Universitas Columbia menyebutnya 'Faustian bargain' dalam makalah 2023, dengan argumen bahwa aerosol telah menyembunyikan pemanasan akibat CO2, disertai percepatan pasca-2010 menjadi 0.32°C per dekade. Estimasi bervariasi: IPCC 0.24°C, model terbaru 0.29°C, dan Rahmstorf/Foster 0.36°C sejak 2014. Pengaruh alamiah meliputi maksimum surya 2020, letusan Tonga 2022 (menyuntikkan 146 juta ton uap air stratosfer), dan El Niño 2023-2024. Michael Mann dari Universitas Pennsylvania menyanggah: “Kehangatan baru-baru ini... sepenuhnya konsisten dengan simulasi model iklim standar,” sambil menolak klaim percepatan besar-besaran. Studi Helge Goessling menghubungkan 0.2°C panas 2023 dengan penurunan awan rendah, mengisyaratkan umpan balik baru. Zeke Hausfather dari Berkeley Earth memperingatkan bahwa sensitivitas lebih tinggi berpotensi menyebabkan pemanasan 3.7°C abad ini di bawah kebijakan saat ini, menjadikan beberapa wilayah tidak layak huni.

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