冲绳读谷陶艺大师守护登窑传统

冲绳县读谷村77岁的陶艺家岛袋恒英使用登窑传承壺屋烧传统。2025年被指定为冲绳县重要无形文化财保持者,他用日本毛笔手绘琉球王国时代的菊花蔓草纹,并操作从父亲继承的脚踏车轮。尽管资源日益减少,他仍致力于珍惜这项工艺。

壺屋烧起源于1682年琉球王国将冲绳岛上的三个窑场合并至那霸市的现今壺屋地区。虽然传统的獅子守护雕像是游客受欢迎的纪念品,但日常餐具也享有盛名。岛袋恒英出生于那霸壺屋地区。1987年,他从父亲的工作室独立出来,移至冲绳岛中部的读谷村,以追求登窑的独特效果。二战冲绳战役期间,壺屋地区避免了重大破坏,使陶艺家能为居民生产餐具。然而,后来的城市化导致柴烧烟雾问题,促使转向燃气窑;坚持登窑的人则迁往读谷村。其中一位陶艺家是1914-2004年的近江城次郎,日本国宝级人物,他于1972年在村里建造了近江城窑。如今,该窑每年烧窑三次,岛袋目前仍在使用。11月10日上午9点,点窑仪式聚集了工作室成员点燃窑炉。作为最年长的岛袋恒英吟诵道:“请诞生[陶器]。”窑炉有六个室,由八个工作室共用。岛袋的部分深3.5米,宽和高约1.8米,覆盖拱形耐火砖屋顶。点火40小时后,即11月12日凌晨12:40左右,陶艺家向通红的窑室添加柴火超过3小时,将温度升至1200°C以上。用铁棒多次取出小罐检查釉料;一旦充分熔化,就不再加柴,并用土封住入口和窗户。窑炉缓慢冷却以避免开裂。11月18日取出陶器,岛袋笑着说:“看起来很棒。”冲绳陶器作为国家传统工艺,采用两种方法:素烧或上釉后烧制。岛袋的工作室偏好后者,使用主要来自冲绳岛的富铁红土。然而,资源稀缺导致价格上涨。9月初,失败的作品被小心破坏,与水混合后用机器揉捏——取代传统的脚踩方法。岛袋通过触摸调整水分以判断完成。“资源有限,而且逐年减少,”岛袋说。“我们要珍惜它们。”从父亲继承的车轮由琉球松制成,经过50多年几乎每日使用,表面光亮。“我的身体记得这个车轮的动作,所以我也不能用电轮,”他解释道。

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