Ilmuwan temukan protista dengan kode genetik yang tidak biasa

Para peneliti di Earlham Institute telah mengidentifikasi spesies protista yang sebelumnya tidak diketahui, yang mengubah dua kodon stop genetik menjadi pengode asam amino, menandai penyimpangan langka dari aturan standar kehidupan.

Organisme yang diberi nama Oligohymenophorea sp. PL0344 ini dikumpulkan dari kolam air tawar di Oxford University Parks saat dilakukan pengujian rutin metode pengurutan DNA sel tunggal. Dr. Jamie McGowan, seorang ilmuwan pascadoktoral yang memimpin penelitian tersebut, menggambarkan penemuan ini sebagai sebuah kebetulan yang mengungkap betapa sedikitnya pengetahuan tentang genetika protista. Pada ciliata ini, kodon TAA dan TAG tidak lagi berfungsi sebagai sinyal akhir gen, melainkan masing-masing menentukan asam lisin dan asam glutamat, sementara hanya TGA yang berfungsi sebagai sinyal stop.

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Photorealistic depiction of DHX29 protein selectively silencing inefficient mRNA codons in a human cell, illustrating new gene expression research.
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Study identifies DHX29 as a key factor linking codon choice to selective silencing of inefficient genetic messages in human cells

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Researchers at Kyoto University and RIKEN report that human cells can detect “non-optimal” synonymous codons—alternative three-letter genetic instructions that encode the same amino acid but are translated less efficiently—and selectively suppress the corresponding mRNAs. In experiments described in Science, the team identifies the RNA-binding protein DHX29 as a central component of this codon-dependent control of gene expression.

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have identified a methane-producing archaeon that interprets a standard stop codon in two ways, challenging a core principle of biology. The microbe, Methanosarcina acetivorans, sometimes adds an amino acid called pyrrolysine instead of halting protein synthesis. This flexibility may aid in metabolizing compounds linked to human health.

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