DNA antigo revela grupo de Neandertais em caverna polonesa

Pesquisadores analisaram DNA mitocondrial de oito dentes de Neandertal encontrados na Caverna Stajnia, na Polônia, reconstruindo o perfil genético de um pequeno grupo que viveu no local há cerca de 100 mil anos. O estudo, publicado na revista Current Biology, marca o primeiro retrato genético de múltiplos indivíduos de um único sítio ao norte dos Cárpatos. As descobertas mostram vínculos genéticos com Neandertais por toda a Europa e o Cáucaso.

Uma equipe internacional extraiu DNA mitocondrial antigo de oito dentes de Neandertal descobertos na Caverna Stajnia, localizada no sul da Polônia, ao norte dos Cárpatos. Os indivíduos viveram no mesmo período, há cerca de 100 mil anos, permitindo aos cientistas construir um perfil genético de pelo menos sete Neandertais de um mesmo local e época. Andrea Picin, professor da Universidade de Bolonha e coordenador do estudo, descreveu o resultado como extraordinário. Ele observou que dados genéticos anteriores de Neandertais geralmente provinham de fósseis isolados ou restos dispersos, ao contrário deste quadro coerente da Caverna Stajnia. Wioletta Nowaczewska, da Universidade de Wrocław, e Adam Nadachowski, da Academia Polonesa de Ciências, classificaram a conquista como importante para a pesquisa polonesa e para os estudos europeus sobre Neandertais, superando as expectativas para o local. O DNA mitocondrial pertence a um ramo genético compartilhado com Neandertais da Península Ibérica, do sudeste da França e do norte do Cáucaso, indicando que ele foi outrora generalizado antes de ser substituído. Mateja Hajdinjak, do Instituto Max Planck de Antropologia Evolutiva, destacou que dois dentes de juvenis e um dente de adulto compartilham o mesmo DNA, sugerindo relações próximas. Sahra Talamo, também da Universidade de Bolonha, pediu cautela com as cronologias mais antigas, comparando-o ao fóssil Thorin da França, datado de cerca de 50 mil anos atrás, que possui genética semelhante. Os resultados ressaltam o papel central da Europa Centro-Oriental nos movimentos e interações populacionais dos Neandertais durante o Paleolítico Médio.

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